Principal Perspective from Coaching Teachers lessons Thesis

Head Perspective from Coaching Teachers exercises - Thesis Example 2.0 Introduction Leadership in instruction has been characterized in a plenty of ways throughout the most recent decades and this aggregation of changed definitions serves to make the colossal contrasts in feelings and acumen about school initiative progressively obvious. Generally, instructive authority was viewed as a methods for help for showing staff by heads of office, school directors, lead or ace instructors, social laborers, administrators and training experts (Sparks, 2002; Sledge and Morehead, 2006). During the twentieth century the job of school pioneers has changed altogether, and as Suskavcevic and Blake (2001, p.2) bring up, it has been ‘highly transformative’. They further case that during the 1930s the essential job for directors was as ‘scientific manager’; during the 1940s it was as ‘democratic leader’; during the 1970s it was as ‘humanistic facilitator’; during the 1980s it became as ‘instructional leaderâ⠂¬â„¢ (p.2) and at present it is as ‘transformational leader’ (p.4). ... To comprehend the idea of training, especially instructional training 4. To decide the job of head in relationship with instructional training 5. To decide how directors see their job in relationship with instructional training 3.0 Literature Review 3.1 What is school initiative? As far back as 1954, Mackenzie and Stephen believed the head of a school to be the pioneer as far as guidance (refered to in Greenfield, 1987). They believed authority to be a ‘natural backup of the objective looking for conduct of human beings’ (p.4), and that any interests embraced by one educator that aids another instructor accomplishing their objective is a case of initiative. They further imply that initiative can be expected by anybody considered as ‘having control and means’ of what others need (p.9) and that the idea is dynamic and consequently everlastingly changing as opposed to being steady (p.10). Wasley (1991, p. 64), then again, claims authority is ‘the capacity to urge associates to change, to do things they wouldn't commonly consider without the impact of the pioneer ’; while Bolman and Deal (1994) consider that each educator is a pioneer. Kowalski (1995) adds to their contention and believes educator pioneers to be instructors who are approved and enabled to settle on appropriate choices that sway on instructive procedures and instructive results. Katzenmeyer and Moller (2001) disappointed with school administration, and after a far reaching survey of writing, past encounters, and conversation with administrators and other instructive pioneers, come to the end result that the meaning of instructive authority is advancing and that instructors who are

BA3-Inter-Professional Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

BA3-Inter-Professional Studies - Essay Example by individuals from various callings as well as offices cooperate to give incorporated wellbeing as well as social consideration to support administration users†(Barrett et al, 2005). Subsequently, such an office team up the endeavors of various experts to manufacture a protected zone, cover and liveable condition for minority gatherings, oppressed individuals or destitute populace (because of movement, family misfortune, halfway house or some other reason). The reason for such altruistic associations draws in my moral, good and social concerns. I for one feel inspired to work with them and improve this world a spot to live for the individuals who are not happy with their lives for being denied of the essential human needs. I have confidence in correspondence, unprejudiced condition, equivalent human rights, needs and needs, grave decent variety issues, hostile to separation and authenticity of human rights in the light of law and ethical quality. Henceforth, I am a solid suppo rter of between proficient work and organizations. I will clarify my perspectives about the altruistic associations and their obligations and my own encounters while working with Greater Manchester Immigration Aid Unit (GMIAU) during my position. This office, where I am on my position is an Immigration Legal Aid Unit called GMIAU. I needed to take a shot at certain cases that were alluded to me. During the commonsense experience, I found out about authoritative structure, running components and issues that emerged while directing the social work. There are numerous complexities that I saw which identify with uniformity in offering the beneficent types of assistance to all the individuals who merit them. I will examine hierarchical structure of GMIAU, its issues identified with culture and different issues that were there in regards to correspondence and decent variety. I got case referrals from the lawful group case managers, senior case managers and specialists. The cases that were alluded to me are identified with social issues tha t administration clients need. The essential job is to enable the administration client and help

The Dirty Work of Neoliberalism

Presentation With the regularly expanding typical cost for basic items, everybody would be excited with purchasing quality and promptly accessible merchandise for less. Correspondingly, as the rush of neoliberalism clears over the globe, benefits are intensified and economies balanced out. That is a definitive exemplification of neoliberalism; passing the market test.Advertising We will compose a custom basic composing test on The Dirty Work of Neoliberalism explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Challenges have been experienced yet foremost consideration has just been on prompt impacts of basic changes and of different arrangements particularly in the creating nations. The socio social ramifications of neoliberalism, all the more so moral ramifications on a larger part of apparently undetectable workforce, has since been disregarded. This paper looks to give a top to bottom examination of worldwide restoration by drawing consideration on what it implies for the labor ers. It tries to break down the current worldwide work arrangements and their effects on the work showcase with unique regard for its impacts on the working states of the cleaners. Neoliberalism is a term used to portray an endeavor by governments to rebuild and balance out their economies through decentralization, progressively including the private part in the monetary and political issues and regularizing the market. This methodology was embraced by various countries as they continued looking for prudent approaches that would lessen expansion and encourage monetary development. It includes a blend of financial arrangements which systematize segments through improving or changing entire political and monetary arrangements. Its definitive objectives include giving over the control of the economy to the private business with the expectation that it will improve administration and lift the economy.Advertising Looking for basic composition on business financial matters? How about we c heck whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Ideally, neoliberalism is required to saddle and change into tasks the methodologies that utilize the language of the market, the skill, customer inclination, self freedom and regular speculation to move the hazard from states and establishments to people or gatherings and spread out the idea to the social circles. Be that as it may, these endeavors have then again finished into a stage where markets are not, at this point managed; laborers are being abused by their bosses, ecological degeneration and exemption at practically all degrees of administration. The imperceptible specialist While it has figured out how to lead monetary development across countries, neoliberalism has corrupted the working and everyday environments of the laborers and advanced trickery with respect to businesses in this industry. The moving of hazard from the administration companies to the private division has made a circumstance where people and gatherings which have consumed the cleaning business have turned misleading. They are quick to investigate their own advantages and deal with their business realms to the detriment of workers. Stuck the agreements that scrape their representatives to them, their conditions are temporary and the laborers are locked in on similarly temporary premise and not considered as genuine workers. This leaves them in a defenseless circumstance since they are peeled off representative rights, for example, protection, paid occasions among others. This was a typical marvel in London during the 1970s. A comparative circumstance was watched as of late in Santiago where a restroom specialist not just without any assistance assumes responsibility for the washroom however he is likewise expected to deal with gathering the charging expense and give the washroom toiletries (Aguiar and Andrew, 89). This is the circumstance particularly in the cleaning business everywhere throughout the w orld. Cleaners keep up upscale shopping places, current workplaces and lodgings yet this gathering of laborers has never been given a lot of consideration. As a rule they are looked down upon.Advertising We will compose a custom basic composing test on The Dirty Work of Neoliberalism explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Majority of the cleaners are not esteemed and are regularly exposed to abuse. Inferable from their low wages and status, they happen to live in the most unfriendly conditions in the most noticeably terrible shanties in huge urban communities. The cleaner is very a cutting edge world, yet has an untouchable connection with. Absence of government strategies that portray reasonable business and working conditions, for example, the necessary working hours, standard wages and working conditions just serves to open specialists to encourage helplessness, declining their unfortunate conditions. The holding of the worker’s lawful rights with the busin esses subverts their privileges and gives outright control of the specialist to the business making a lopsided force relationship. Wal-Mart for example prevails by gaining by the low pay low advantage reason of work. Their business strategies are needing. The accomplishment of the organization is to the detriment of laborers who bear the least wages, inadequate working conditions, lacking social insurance, security among other upsetting issues. Laborers at Wal-Mart have vague working hours and their wages are nearly lower than those of a typical retail representative. Numerous specialists are constrained to work extended periods, denied breaks and much of the time are denied additional time compensation. It's anything but another marvel for Wal-Mart to give lower compensation when deals go down. Segregation despite everything stays an issue in spite of most governments’ endeavors at changing the cleaning business. Contracting out in politically-sanctioned racial segregation S outh Africa and its ensuing neoliberal post politically-sanctioned racial segregation organizations has prompted expanded outstanding task at hand and decreased compensation and advantages to countless specialists in the cleaning area. Much the same as it was in the politically-sanctioned racial segregation work framework, neoliberalism has diverted the weight to the homes and networks of the poor laborers through strategies, for example, â€Å"rational† affecting of progress in open establishments. There still exists isolation in spots, for example, colleges and different organizations of higher learning.Advertising Searching for basic composition on business financial aspects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Endeavors have been made by the â€Å"invisible† laborers to reestablish and guard their pride as laborers. This is totally finished with the understanding that theirs is a similarly significant work which the top echelons of the board can't do without anyone else. The Women’s Liberation Movement of the 1970s in Britain was such an endeavor to sort out night janitors. The resulting strikes exposed the situation of this ignored kind of laborers. In any case, the predominant monetary and political circumstance and the impacts of privatization made unionization troublesome as they expanded errors in the general public. Wal-Mart organization Private corporations’ approaches have cleared out independent ventures as well as dismissed the employees’ rights and made genuine mischief nature. By misusing innovation and the rising worldwide economy (a result of neoliberalism), companies like Wal-Mart have totally changed the American economy and enormously impacted t he worldwide financial equalization. The merchant has gotten more impressive than the maker. Subsequently, retailers are constraining the makers to move creation abroad. This journey has prompted the joint endeavors between Wal-Mart, an unmistakable US retailer of most purchaser merchandise and China. While the organization scavenges the world for less exorbitant providers that advantage the American purchaser, exactly how do the laborers in the providing countries charge? Wal-Mart is the embodiment of neoliberals perfect; the best thing to have at any point happened to the American and world economy as it happens to create what the purchaser needs as well as convey an assortment of products at truly reasonable costs. In any case, what are the ramifications of low valued items to the individuals who work for these organizations? It isn't just expanding the quantity of jobless individuals in the lanes but at the same time is liable for the consistently expanding low expectations for everyday life for the American individuals as well as for those working in the diaspora. While these items are attainable for the American customer, the â€Å"everyday low prices† is an issue of concern for the buyer as well as more so for the laborer. The venturesome soul that is answerable at these lower costs in Wal-Mart outlets and comparative spots happen to encroach on the capacity of enormous quantities of laborers to receive acceptable wages and decent rewards that would empower them have a consistent existence. The nervy mentality from the legislatures towards this gathering of laborers opens them to abuse and misuse. While trying to help financial development and improvement, organizations are setting up measures to modernize and humanize this workforce by utilizing grave principles which wind up limiting their opportunity of development and directing their sets of accepted rules while at the work place. For example Wal-Mart’s store arrangement of securing ev ening time laborers burdens the representatives as well as has an extraordinary security risk in the midst of crises. Reward for laborers Organizing laborers of this gathering has end up being a serious test. Among the significant difficulties is the way that they are among the most reduced paid. This implies most can't figure out how to fulfill a portion of the needs of the associations like organization fees. As a rule, their working spots are little and dispersed topographically. This demonstrates an impediment in activating laborers. Simultaneously, they are among the most viewed all things considered. These are among the difficulties that provoked the cleaners’ strikes during the 1970s in London and the Justice for Janitors Movement in the USA during the 1990s (Aguiar and

Essay Topics For Seventh Graders

Essay Topics For Seventh GradersWhat are the most popular essay topics for seventh graders? If you want to impress the teacher, it would be better if you could make a topic that would stand out from all the others.Some topics are more on subject and others have general topic. However, the topic that will be asked of the students is not important. It would be better if you can make a topic that would fit their learning style.In the course of writing the paper, the kids are busy with other things so it is important that you can be attentive about their projects and assignment. It would be better if you can write something that they will be very interested in. This topic should be of your own choice and not just a copy of another topic that is already used by many students.The topic that would be asked of seventh graders is not limited to school, but it would also apply to any other topic. You can even write a topical essay on the environment, politics, and religion. All these topics ca n be more interesting to the students if you can make it interesting for them.If you know a lot about the school or the subjects, you can also make the topic for seventh graders more interesting. If you know a lot about the topic, it would be easier for you to find the appropriate essay topics for seventh graders. So, do not worry that you have no idea about the topic.Your topic is more likely to be chosen for the topics than for the teacher's choice. The teacher usually asks the students to choose one topic to write the papers. So, you can ask your friends and family members to help you. Ask them about their own ideas on topics.The reason why people are having such problems is because they don't know the topic. You can make it simple for the students. Make them understand that you are writing this paper so that they will have more ideas for the essays.

Roman Theatre A Diverse Art Form - 1045 Words

Roman theatre initially began in 240 BC when Greek theatre was discovered and translated to Latin, then being brought to Rome. The first drama was held at Ludi Romani, the Roman Festival or the Roman Games. This occurred just before Rome became an empire in 27BC. There were many types of these festivals during a year for all sorts of reasons according to history. Theatre was, and is a diverse art form. It ranged from festival performances, street theatre, and acrobatics to eloquent tragedies. By 345 AD there were one-hundred and seventy-five festivals a year. Well over half of those were dedicated to and focussed on Roman theatre. The first stone theatre was built in 55 BC in Rome by Julius Caesar. In the fourth century of BC,†¦show more content†¦Mythology and domestic life also had major impacts on the way Roman theatre evolved over years. Each influence had their own special thing about them that when added to Rome s theatre, slowly created a wonderful art that s till remains today. The Etruscans were famous for emphasizing circus-like elephants and things like them. Most Roman theatre was very parodied and exaggerated during the 1st century BC. Slowly the show s got more and more realistic as time went on. The plots of Roman theatre did not differ from Greece s but the character s names and some other minor details did change. A lesser known influence to Roman theatre happened to be the Oscans. The Oscans also brought their own type of theatre and ideas about such to Rome. The Oscans had their own type of comedy called Atellan Farce. It was a kind of improvised comedy played with five main characters for each show. There was the fool, the stupid one, a foolish old man, a wise fool, and a monster with big jaws. Respectively the names to these characters were Maccus, Bucco, Pappus, Dassenus and Mandacus. These stock characters brought life to those of Rome s own stock characters named the same. The reason we still have theatre today i s purely because of Roman and Greek dramas. Even just the term â€Å"play† comes from Latin’s â€Å"ludus† meaning to play. Nowaday we still use this entertainment to distract our people from surrounding issues. Comedy is

Essay about Book Report on the Perfect Storm - 710 Words

Book Report on The Perfect Storm by Sebastian Junger The fishing port of Gloucester, Massachusetts, just north of Boston, is one of the oldest fishing ports in the United States and can trace its history to around 1623. Since that time, around ten thousand men have lost their lives fishing the Atlantic Ocean. Not only did the fishing port feel the full brunt of the storm but that fateful day in October 1991 was to add another six men to that tally when the fishing boat Andrea Gail was caught in the full fury of the storm out on the fishing grounds, heading back to port with a hold full of swordfish. The Perfect Storm is the story of that fateful trip of October 1991 when the Andrea Gail headed out to sea for one last shot at a major†¦show more content†¦The environment influences the characters quite a bit. Everybody in that community does something that involves the fish industry or supplying alcohol for the fishermen. The lifestyles of the people are basically fish for a month out on the open sea, come home for a week, get a drunk as you can, give your wife and family all the money made and not spent on alcohol, and then leave to fish for another month or two. The main characters in the story are all crew members of the same fishing skipper so they act just as one would expect crew members to act towards one another. The availability of food and water are very good. The story takes place on the coast so obviously there is a lot of water and the entire story is based around fishing to supply the food industry with swordfish. Fishing for swordfish is very profitable so all of these crew members are well to do. The characters are involved in travel for work. They travel up and down the coast in pursuit of swordfish. Therefore the goods that are being sold and traded are the swordfish. These swordfish are coming from the Atlantic Ocean to be sent to be served in sea food restaurants. The cause for the movement is the need of a job and money and food. The physical region described in this story would basically be the coastal region. The part played by this region is basically the location of a job andShow MoreRelatedGlobal Disasters And Manmade Events1197 Words   |  5 PagesCombating Storm Complacency The damage caused by natural disasters and manmade events can be extensive. June 1st will be the beginning of the 2017 hurricane season. While there are multiple challenges with regards to storm preparation, one of the most reoccurring themes as it relates to storm preparedness is complacency on the part of the public. In the days, months, and even years following natural catastrophic disasters emergency officials have had significant challenges deterring pre storm complacencyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Count Of Monte Cristo For The First Time 1304 Words   |  6 PagesReading sends a feeling throughout my body and mind that is rather difficult to explain. 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The Effect of Neolithic Revolution-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Effect of Neolithic Revolution. Answer: Neolithic Revolution is regarded to be a miraculous transition in human society. This particular revolution led to the pervasive transformation of human society from a custom of barbarous hunt and collection to one of cultivation and civilization. The formation of these scattered communities instigated humans to inculcate the interest to monitor and probe the lifecycle of plants (Gellner 2017). The above cognizance gradually piloted the art of cultivation of flora. It can be said that the advent of the Neolithic Revolution led to the emergence of some illustrious developments in human antiquity such as the origination of the wheel, the sowing of the grain produce and the evolution of round hand script, arithmetic, selenology and agronomy. This research essay paper demonstrates the fact that Neolithic Revolution had brought a change in the life of our ancestors. Neolithic Revolution has indeed bought a significant change in the life of all our ancestors. The phenomenon of Neolithic Revolution had originated in the pre-historic times; somewhere back twelve thousand years ago. Like the animals, previously, humans were accustomed to the hunter-gatherer conventional more. Humans were extremely proficient in sustaining themselves through a ferocious means of livelihood. The concept of social civilization, which at present we abide to, posthumously, was an alien belief at that time (Gellner 2017). The prevalent notion of survival at that time can be better expressed through this phrase-The survival of the fittest. Sometime at that prehistoric period, Neolithic revolution developed, bringing a drastic change in the livelihood practices of the Homo sapiens. The main change, which was brought by the occurrence of Neolithic Revolution, was the inception of agriculture. The development in agriculture propelled the construction of urban settlements and communities. The human population also ballooned from six million to more than eight billion (Shiva 2016). This drastic change in the population can be attributed to the suitability of the environment and the availability of resources to practice cultivation of crops and animal husbandry. There is no definite cause behind the emergence of Neolithic Revolution. A revolution, of such a magnitude, the substantiality of which is unparallel to any other revolution has no proper genesis in the books of the history (Fisher, Simon and Matt 2013). Reportedly, people in the Far East took up cultivation practice because the climactic conditions in those regions demanded so. The final ice age period led to the destruction of the previous soil composition and thereby the citizenry of that region stated to experiment with various style of cultivations. The seasonal requirements were found to be the most fitting in that region and resultantly the people started to exercise the cultivation of yearly plants like cereals (Olsson, Ola and Christopher 2012). Apart from the Far East, the other regions of the world started to follow the cultivation method because of the fear of the exhaustion of the natural resources. The increasing scarcity of the natural resources led the inhabitants of the other region to adopt home-origin agriculture procedures. Notwithstanding the causes of the happening of this striking revolution, Neolithic Revolution, itself, has brought a resplendent change in the life pattern of our ancestors. The harvestation of plants was one of the major changes brought by the Neolithic revolution. The origin of the crops like barley, maize, wheat and millets can be related back to the history of the Middle East region (Olsson, Ola and Christopher 2016). Back to nine thousand years ago, the wild cereals and figs were primarily sown in Syria. In addition to this, there have been traces of the plantation of fruits and fig plants in another Middle-Eastern country, Jordan. China is especially popular for the cultivation of rice. Chinese people are said to be extremely fond of consuming rice as a part of their daily meal. The practice of the cultivation of the Chinese peoples best-loved meal can be related to the inception of the Neolithic revolution. In fact, the worlds first known paddy cultivation area was unearthed in the eastern part of China in the year 2007 (Talhelm et al. 2014). The sophistication and the superior artisanship shown in carving out the rice field attested the fact that the prevention tactics of flood and fire outburst were already subsisting in China, courtesy to the pervasive spread of the Neolithic Revolution. If the focus is shifted on to the South American region, it can be found that the cultivation of corn and squash were practiced by the inhabitants of that region. Specifically, the Andes region have shown lucid indicators of the practice of potato cultivation, somewhere back to the era of the agricultural revolution. Therefore, Neolithic revolution had completely changed the lifestyle of humans by making them familiar with the art of agronomics. The domestication of animals was another salient change brought by the outcome of the Neolithic revolution. Previously, humans never came to direct contact with animals, unless and until when they face any sort of a threat or they are about to be attacked by an animal or such (Smith et al. 2014). Apart from this, another time when humans came into direct combat with the animals, where, when they were engaged in livelihood hunting. Generally, humans and animals dwelled in distinct settlements and both were plainly wary of each others presence. Animals such as cows, goats, pigs and others were found to be reared in the countries located in the belt of the Fertile Crescent (Broushaki et al. 2016). The Fertile Crescent comprises the locations of Ottoman peninsula, Persia and Iraq. According to the historians and the archaeologists, the Fertile Crescent was known to be the instigator of the Neolithic Revolution. The timeline for animal husbandry is expected to fall in the range of fourtee n thousand to eleven thousand years ago. Neolithic revolution is also credited with the reformation of the Stone Age society. Various reports and articles show that the expansion of the agricultural practices to the European countries spearheaded the population growth of the northern and the Scandinavian countries of Sweden, Norway, Germany, Denmark and Finland (Ammerman, Albert and Luigi Luca 2014). This fact has been proven on scientific basis. In the modern times, the Northern Europeans are rumored to be big enthusiasts of dairy farming. Before the onset of animal husbandry in the European countries, the European population was incapable of digesting raw or unprocessed milk (Curry 2013). Due to this, the population suffered from malnourishment, protein deficit and growth deprivation. However, with the onset of the animal husbandry practice in East Europe, a metamorphosis for lactose forbearance occurred among the Northern Europeans and thereby it strengthened the populace of the Northern countries and saved it from eradi cation. Therefore, in this aspect, it can be said that the Neolithic revolution changed the life of our ancestors. Conclusively, from the above analysis, it can be deduced that the concept of Neolithic Revolution has necessarily changed the face and essence of the human society. From historic evidences, it can be seen that at the beginning, that humans were no less than Neanderthals, in their life customs, social habits and thought process. Had not the phenomenon of the Neolithic Revolution originated in the life history of humans, then it would have been vastly impossible for humans to enjoy a posh and such a convenient lifestyle. Humans would still have been living a nomadic, uncultured and rustic lifestyle. If a larger picture is pictured in this context than it can be seen that the astounding developments and success achieved by humans in the present era such as visiting the moon, sending spaceships to the universe and building nuclear technology, would have been a distant dream. Resultantly, Neolithic Revolution or Agricultural Revolution had definitely brought an amazing reorientation or ch ange in the lifespan of our ancestors as well as of the entire human population. References Ammerman, Albert J., and Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza.The Neolithic transition and the genetics of populations in Europe. Princeton University Press, 2014. Broushaki, Farnaz, Mark G. Thomas, Vivian Link, Saioa Lpez, Lucy van Dorp, Karola Kirsanow, Zuzana Hofmanov et al. "Early Neolithic genomes from the eastern Fertile Crescent."Science353, no. 6298 (2016): 499-503. Curry, Andrew. "The milk revolution."Nature500, no. 7460 (2013): 20. Fisher, Simon E., and Matt Ridley. "Culture, genes, and the human revolution."Science340, no. 6135 (2013): 929-930. Gellner, Ernest. "The savage and the modern mind'."Horton, R. and Finnenegan, R., op. cit(2017): 162. Olsson, Ola, and Christopher Paik. "A western reversal since the Neolithic? The long-run impact of early agriculture." (2012). Olsson, Ola, and Christopher Paik. "Long-run cultural divergence: Evidence from the Neolithic Revolution."Journal of Development Economics122 (2016): 197-213. Shiva, Vandana.The violence of the green revolution: Third world agriculture, ecology, and politics. University Press of Kentucky, 2016. Smith, Pete, H. Clark, H. Dong, E. A. Elsiddig, H. Haberl, R. Harper, J. House et al. "Agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU)." (2014). Talhelm, Thomas, Xuemin Zhang, Shige Oishi, Chen Shimin, Dechao Duan, Xiaoli Lan, and Shinobu Kitayama. "Large-scale psychological differences within China explained by rice versus wheat agriculture."Science344, no. 6184 (2014): 603-608.

Influence of Government Paradigms on Public Accountability Public Administration and Network Governance

Introduction Accountability is a dominant concept in the democratic political discourses. It reflects trustworthiness and transparency in public administration. However, depending on the dimension from which one looks at it, accountability may mean different things (Behn, 2001, p. 3: Pollitt, 2003, p. 89: Considine, 2002, p. 22).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Influence of Government Paradigms on Public Accountability: Public Administration and Network Governance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the most fundamental sense, accountability bridges the dynamic relationships between citizens and systems of public administration entrusted by the citizens to act in a manner that will benefit all citizens in overall. In democratic regimes, there exists a universal requirement for holding political leadership and administration accountable for their actions. Political accountability is problematic since politicians p resume that their obligations to the citizens would be executed in a manner that profiles master-servant relationships. In such a relationship, matters are not answerable to the servants nor should the servants question their masters (Scott, 2000, p.41: Schmitter, 2004, p.53). This phenomenon is common in the authoritarian systems of public administration. It infers that accountability is a concept that is only applicable to democratic systems where the administrators must respect the will of the people they serve. People possess a myriad of mechanisms of interacting with their administration. They may be clients of a myriad of agencies. In such a situation, they seek services and benefits from various agencies serving administrative roles.Advertising Looking for essay on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More People may also interact with the administration through legal systems, which serve the principle func tion of providing restrictions that bind all citizens coupled with those who represent them in the government. In such relationships, citizens constantly seek their interests to be safe guarded through accountability structures that ensure equal and paramount representation in the government by the people whom citizens appoint to make decisions on their behalf (Bovaird Loffler, 2009). The focus of public administration on adoption of mechanisms for ensuring that government is accountable to the client underlines the change of public administration systems from being bureaucratic. The focus of this paper is to conduct an analysis on the changes coupled with differences in approaches of public accountability. The paper is divided into two main sections. The first section of description considers theoretical perspectives of public accountability. In the second section, which is the analysis part, a consideration of traditional public administration followed by new public management an d then network governance is made. These approaches are then analyzed in the context of approaches of public accountability. Description: Theoretical perspectives For systems of governance to be acceptable by people, they need to be accountable. In the embracement of democracy, accountability is incredibly significant (Horner, Lekhi Blaug, 2006, p. 42).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Influence of Government Paradigms on Public Accountability: Public Administration and Network Governance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Accountable systems of governance are paramount since interaction of citizens and the government is dependent on the extent to which citizens can hold those in entrusted with power accountable (Hughes, 2003, p.240). With regard to Martin (2006, p. 72), giving citizens an opportunity to scrutinize government is crucial since citizens bestow power to the administrators and politicians to govern on their behalf. It is then important that citizens should be able to determine whether the power they have given the administrators is utilized in the appropriate way to ensure that the entire society benefits. In this context, Hughes (2003) argues that accountability is significant since it marks the hallmarks of a democratic system of governance (p.241). Inadequate or even lack of accountability has the implication of making bureaucratic administration systems corrupt and omnipotent (Martin, 2006, p. 93). Lack of accountability erodes the tenets of the responsibility that a government has towards its people. Introducing the concept of responsibility to the discussions of accountability implies that people acting in the place of others have a legal obligation. Besides, they have a moral responsibility to act in a manner that does not violate the trust bestowed to them and report to clients on how they have performed in the tasks dedicated to them (Rhodes, 1997). Interrelating respon sibility and accountability this way attracts scholarly criticism.Advertising Looking for essay on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, Hughes (2003, p. 241) and Considine (2002, p. 22) maintain that responsibility is different from accountability in that, in the hierarchy of execution of responsibility at governmental and organizational levels, it acts in the opposite direction. According to the author, this case happens where some subordinates are responsible for acts of other subordinates forming part of the work group. It is unfair to hold one person responsible for an act of another person. For instance, a manger cannot bear criminal responsibility for undue act of an employee in his or her line of command. In this extent, responsibility does not define precisely the extents of liability, which should be held by specific persons in government. Hence, responsibility is different from accountability in that, when individuals are considered accountable, they would have some kind of punishment subscribed to them in case of unsuccessful performance (Behn 2001, p.4). In case of administrators in the gov ernment, one form of punishment would involve removal from office either through dismissal by the appointing authority or by being voted out in case of an elective office in democratic systems. In this sense, accountability in public affairs is associated with aspects of justice, reliability, and loyalty (Bovens 2005, p.182). In public administration studies, accountability constitutes a large discipline. Scholars in the field have attempted to subdivide it into a number of facets. For example, Romzek (1998) divides it into four categories: legal accountability, hierarchical, professional, and political accountability (p.197). A legal and hierarchical accountability reflects the traditional perspective of public administration approaches. Professional and political accountability fosters higher degrees of autonomy. Hence, they are integral to new public management theory. According to Bovens (2005, p. 183), there are other types of accountability, which include administrative accoun tability, collective accountability, organizational accountability, individual accountability, and corporate accountability. Behn (2001) classifies all these types of accountability into three typologies: performance, fairness, and finances accountability (p.6). Accountability for fairness makes rulers refrain from misusing their power unjustly to disadvantage some people. In case of financial accountability, Bevir and Rhodes (2003) argue that government officials are entrusted with money belonging to taxpayers and that, if they fail to be accountable, they deserve a punishment (p.45). Performance accountability is realized by setting targets with well-defined parameters for managers and leaders to attain. The emphasis of accountability in public administration studies is paramount because accountability has significant functions within corporations and even in government. The principle functions of accountability include fostering effectiveness, fairness, efficiency, integrity, and democratic governance (Arnull Wincott, 2001, p. 18). Integrity is the substrate for prevention of corruption coupled with other undue conducts of public officials. Effectiveness and efficiency enhance performance. When all the functions of the accountability are integrated, a legitimate and reliable system of governance is acquired (Ferlie, Hartley Martin, 2003, p. 12). Analysis: Progression of public accountability from traditional approaches in public governance to network governance Traditional public administration and accountability In the traditional public administration approaches, accountability is manifested in two main forms: bureaucratic and political accountability (Dunleavy Hood, 1994, p. 9). In the bureaucratic accountability, citizens cannot directly hold civil servants accountable. Hence, their accountability is only possible through voting in appropriate political systems that are capable of putting in place appropriate legal systems that can subject civil serv ants to trial in case they violate accountability codes of conduct. In the context of traditional public administration, legal and hierarchical frameworks are deployed to enhance accountability. In this sense, Romzek notes, â€Å"hierarchical relationships rely on supervisory and organizational directives including rules and standards operation procedures to which employees are answerable for their performance† (1998, p.197). In this context, accountability is defined by various directives, which lay down the things that civil servants deserve to do and those that they should not do. Enhancing accountability from a legal basis implies that certain externally set anticipations and or standards are established and met. The performance of the civil servants must conform to the established criteria. Attempting to understand accountability from the contexts of the traditional approaches to public administration is quite easier. However, several problems emerge. Fisher (2004, p. 51 0) exemplifies one of these challenges when he argues that, accountability in the context of traditional approaches to public administration is not multidimensional since the model holds politician accountable while neglecting administrators since they are not associated with policy formulation. If anything goes wrong in the implementation of public policy, politicians should be held accountable since the administrators are only serving their bureaucratic role of implementation. Mulgan (2003, p. 4) supports this line of argument by lamenting that cultural differences come into play at the juncture in which political leaders encounter the top administration arm in the hierarchical structure of public governance associated with traditional approaches in public policy making processes. This challenge is akin to the focus of the traditional public administration on accountability based more on errors as opposed to achievements. Hence, the main attention is dedicated to the mistakes that would escape the scrutiny of the bureaucrats. Acheberg and Baston (1997) illustrate accountability approaches from the context of traditional public administration through an experiment for two groups of people to give scholarships to various students (p.345). The researcher was interested in the determination of the manner in which the groups allocated limited resources. One group knew that its way of allocation of scholarships would be exposed to testing while the other group did not have such information. The results on the experiment indicated that the group that knew its mechanism of allocation of resources would be tested for accountability allocated resources in an ineffective manner. From this experiment, it can be inferred that perception of the need to be held accountable leads to low levels of efficiency thus reinforcing the argument that traditional public administration seeks to pursue accountability from the perfectives of legal and financial contexts as opposed to pr ocedures and efficient utilization of resources. Accountability in the new public management approaches From the paradigms of new public management, citizens are viewed from the perspective of beings customers. Looking at accountability from the dimension of the degree to which people making the decision on behalf of the citizens satisfy the citizens, new public management stands out as a model that is more effective in comparison to traditional public administration (Dunleavy Hood, 1994, p. 12). Adoption of this model implies that the responsibility to the citizens shifts from politicians to the managers. The aftermath of this step is the alteration of the relations that exist between elected persons and citizens in matters of allocation and management of public resources (Mulgan, 2003, p. 18). Arguably, since new public management pursues the goal of improving relationships with various citizens (customers of the state), decision to maintain accountability is driven by the need t o establish stable connections with people. Comparatively, the traditional public administration approaches in enhancing accountability resulted in inefficiencies since it dwelled principally on seeking to control the manner in which bureaucrats spent resources as opposed to the outcomes realized from the utilization of resources. Dunleavy and Hood (1994, p. 13) reinforce this argument by asserting that governments guided by traditional approaches of public administration hardly realized optimal results. In the new public management, this challenge can be solved via making transfers of experiences to the private sector driven by the need to accord flexibility to mechanisms of public resource allocation in the effort to attain and satisfy the needs of citizens both optimally and maximally. In this end, accountability is measured as the degree to which the needs of the citizens have been achieved as opposed to the effectiveness or efficiency of the procedures used to satisfy the needs of the clients. This argument means that performance is an important parameter for measuring accountability under the new public management approaches. New public management combines contracting with privatization to enhance the efficiency of delivery of public goods (Martin, 2006, p. 100). The focus is to shift functions of the public sector to the private sector so that, in the due course of seeking more profits, customer satisfaction is increased. This means that the private sector would initiate steps to maintain its accountability since failure to do so would result in low profits. Apart from shifting the accountability in the allocation of public resources to the private sector, new public management results in effective and efficient resources utilization in the attempt to yield optimal returns. Bovens (2005, p. 182) commends such an approach by insisting that shifting the responsibility of allocation of public goods to the private sector provides the best mode of allocating and distributing public services. Accountability in network governance Over the last two decades, accountability with respect to network governance has undergone sophisticated changes grounded on the fundamentals of cooperation. Network governance contrasts the other two models in that it predominantly dwells on the creation of public value coupled with putting in place the means of ensuring that the relationship between the government and the citizens is maintained at the closest levels. The overall impact of network governance is the shifting of public accountability to horizontal accountability (Behn, 2001, p. 6). Bevir and Trentmann (2007) explain that this shift is fuelled by the need to enhance direct accountability to various customers (citizens), agencies, media, and even members of the civil society (p.78). This shift is perhaps vital by considering the rapid creation of various citizen charters, citizen panels and myriads of focus groups all aimed at enhancing public acco untability in the recent past in various nations. In particular, in the UK, a citizen panel comprised 6000 people to represent all citizens was formed and mandated to consult citizens on matters of the quality of the services delivered to them by the public sector (Curtin, 2004, p. 104: Bergman Damgaard, 2000, p. 15). Many other measures are also being adopted by different nations to compel the governments to be accountable to the citizens. They include publication of inspection reports, benchmarking reports, and assessment reports among other things over the internet. All attempts are aimed at encouraging horizontal accountability. The discussion above brings into the lime light a striking difference between the three topologies of public governance in enhancing public accountability. Under the traditional public administration, governments are neither principally interested nor focused on the outputs of the processes of allocation and distribution of public goods. Rather, more em phasis is paid on curtailing redundant mistakes. In case of new public management, concerns of accountability are market-driven (Kettle, 1998, p. 81). For network governance, rational matching of private with public sectors coupled with advocating for cooperation for the two sectors is the central concern believed to enhance the effectiveness and efficacy in achievements of results. Important to note is that network governance also compares with the other two approaches of accountability in that, under traditional public governance and new public management, civil servants are charged with the noble responsibility of ensuring that partnerships are created to foster cooperation between private and public sector. In such cases, administrators have narrow roles in enhancing interaction between various stakeholders who are vital in ensuring accountability. In the network governance era, transparency coupled with frankness and openness in the process of decision-making is influenced by i nteraction and cooperation of various stakeholders or contributors in the sphere of public accountability. Conclusion In public administration studies, accountability is considered as an element that helps to foster openness and trustworthiness coupled with transparency in both formulation and implementation of public policies. Public policies are formulated to enhance the allocation and distribution of public goods and services. Members of the Public hold the government accountable for the delivery of public goods and services. Driven by this concern, the paper focused on conducting an analysis on the changes and differences in approaches of public accountability from three dimensions: traditional public administration approaches to accountability, new public management, and network governance. It was argued in the paper that accountability is pivotal in societies. It is a determinant of the existing relationship between citizens and the government. Based on this argument, the pape r maintained that democratic governance could not prevail in an environment dominated by administration systems that are not accountable for their actions. The study demonstrated the significance of public accountability with respect to types coupled with functions of various forms of accountability. From traditional public administration through new public management to the network governance, several changes have taken place with respect to accountability. New public management is considered an optimal mechanism of allocation and distribution of public goods and services compared to the traditional public administration. In the due process, public accountability is incredibly improved. Under the paradigms of new public management, the relationship between bureaucrat and customers (citizens) is also improved. A shift in the measurement of accountability changes from being based on resources to the performance in terms of results. With the adoption of network governance, which conce rns itself with the creation of public value, cooperation of private and public sector is enhanced thus giving rise to even more enhanced accountability in allocation and distribution of the scarcest public resources. Reference List Acheberg, S., Baston, C. (1997). Accountability and Helping: When Needs Exceed Resources. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36(2), 343-350. Arnull, A., D. Wincott, 2001, Accountability and Legitimacy in the European Union. New York Oxford: OUP. Behn, R. (2001). Rethinking Democratic Accountability. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press. Bergman, T., Damgaard, E. (2000). Delegation and accountability in the European Union. London: Frank Cass. Bevir, M., Rhodes, R. (2003). Searching for Civil Society: Changing Patterns of Governance in Britain. Public Administration, 81(1), 41-62. Bevir, M., Trentmann, F. (2007). Governance, Consumers and Citizens. London: Palgrave. Bovaird, T., Loffler. E. (2009). Public Management and Governance. London: Routledge. Bovens, M. (2005). Public Accountability. In F.Lynne C. Politt (Eds), The Oxford handbook of public management. (pp. 182-208). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Considine, M. (2002). Accountable Governance in the Age of Networks, Partnerships, and Joined-up Services. Governance: An International Journal of Policy, Administration, and Institutions, 15(1), 21-40. Curtin, D. (2004). Mind the Gap: The evolving EU Executive and the Constitution, Third Walter van Gerven Lecture. Leuven; Groningen: Europa Law Publishing. Dunleavy, P., Hood, C. (1994). From Old Public Administration to New public Management. Public Money and Management, 1(1), 9-16. Ferlie, E., Hartley, J., Martin, J. (2003). Changing Public Service Organizations: Current Perspectives and Future prospects. British Journal of management, 14(2), 1-14. Fisher, E. (2004). The European Union in the Age of Accountability. Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, 24(1), 495-515. Horner, L., Lekhi, R., Blaug, R. (2006 ). Deliberative Democracy and the Role of Public Managers. London: The Work Foundation. Hughes, O. (2003). Public Management and Administration. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Kettle, D. (1998). Reinventing Government: A Fifth-Year Report Card. Washington: Brookings. Martin, J. (ed). (2006). Public Service Improvement, Policy, Progress and Prospects. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. Mulgan, R. (2003). Holding Power to Account: Accountability in Modern Democracies. Basingstoke: Palgrave. Pollitt, C. (2003).The Essential Public Manager. London: Open University Press/McGraw-Hill. Rhodes, R. (1997). Understanding Governance: Policy Networks, Governance, Reflexivity and Accountability. Buckingham: Open University Press. Romzek, B. (1998). Where The Buck Stops: Accountability in the Reformed Public Organizations. In P.W. Ingraham, R. Thompson, and R.P Sander. Transforming government: lessons from the reinvention laboratories. San Francesco: Jossey Bass. Schmitter, P. (2004). The Ambiguous Virtues of Accountability. Journal of Democracy,  15(4), 47–60. Scott, C. (2000). Accountability in the Regulatory State. Journal of Law and Society, 27(1), 38–60. This essay on Influence of Government Paradigms on Public Accountability: Public Administration and Network Governance was written and submitted by user Camren D. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

History of Pluto Exploration

History of Pluto Exploration Pluto has long been considered as the ninth planet from the sun. It is the sixth planet from the earth. It is so far away that for many centuries, astronomers and scientists were not able to study this planet as extensively as they would have wanted.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on History of Pluto Exploration specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More But because of the rapid improvement in technology whether in computers, telescope design or even the use of spacecraft to penetrate deep space, more light has been shed on this far flung planet of the solar system. In just one hundred years much has been known about Pluto than in all the years combined after Galileo pointed his telescope to the stars. Since the time that astronomers were able to use very powerful telescopes and peer into the night sky, they were dumbfounded by a scientific phenomenon. They observed that the orbit of Neptune did not quite follow the rules of New tonian physics. According to the director of New York City’s Hayden Planetarium, â€Å"Scientists saw the path of Neptune around the sun, and they saw that it wasn’t quite following Newton’s laws of gravity. And so either Newton was wrong †¦ or there was some other mass out there that they hadn’t cataloged yet that was influencing the motion of Neptune† (Cruz, 2009, p.1). So from that day forward until the discovery of the mysterious mass orbiting behind Neptune astronomers labeled this heavenly body as planet X (Cruz, 2009, p.1). It only required a dedicated astronomer with the right tools to discover what is behind this phenomenon. The Discovery of Pluto In 1930 an American astronomer made a commitment to discover the explanation as to why Neptune behaved that way. His name was Clyde Tombaugh and he was working at the Lowell Observatory (Brown Thomas, year, p.1). He was not even the chief astronomer but a mere observing assistant in the fac ility made famous by astronomer Percivall Lowell (Brown Thomas, year, p.1). But he was determined to discover planet X. After a year of painstaking research and the long nights of studying photographic plates, Tombaugh had his eureka moment on February 18, 1930 when he was comparing two plates taken one month before and by flicking the plates from one plate to the other Tombaugh hopes to spot the difference (Brown Thomas, year, p.1). As he was repeating the process he saw a tiny speck in the photo – a small object a few millimeters in size but that was the planet that he was looking for. His discovery changed the way people see the solar system (Brown Thomas, year, p.1). Tombaugh on the other hand received the recognition he richly deserved.Advertising Looking for essay on astronomy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Far, Far, Away There is no need to point out that Pluto is the farthest in the solar system. It is estimated to be thirty times smaller than Mercury and therefore it is a planet that is smaller the earth’s moon. It is also a planet that is one over five hundredth the size of planet earth. These facts and new discoveries forced many to initiate a debate whether it is proper to call Pluto a planet or a comet or piece of rock that orbits the sun. When it comes to Pluto there are more questions than answers. Scientists are also fascinated by its different behavior as compared to other eight planets that populate the solar system. For instance, in 1979 it was first discovered that Pluto only gets to complete its orbit after more than 200 years of movement around the sun. But there is more, this planet has a highly elliptical orbit that once in its two-hundred year orbit it inserts itself between Uranus and Neptune (NASA Science, ) It is an unsettling fact for some but a source of fascination for others. The aberration in the orbit path may occur once in two centuries but it is not rectified as quickly as one will expect. As mentioned the shift in orbit was noticed in 1979 but it was only â€Å"corrected† in February 11, 1999 – almost 20 years of staying within the orbits of Uranus and Neptune. Due to its distance and position relative to the sun, astronomers always associate Pluto with ice and a frigid climate. It is also easy to dismiss it as noting more than a chunk of ice and rock (Cowen, 2010, pl1). But recent developments suggest that there is more to Pluto than what scientists believe is possible. Marc Buie a planetary scientist discovered that Pluto has undergone some dramatic surface changes that prompted him and other scientists to conclude that it has become redder (Cowen, 2010, p.1). Buie and even his colleagues do not have an explanation why Pluto is undergoing significant changes. At first they thought that it was due to elevated levels of ultra-violet frays from the sun. Now they have abandoned this explanation because th ey believe that the sun’s rays were constant at the time that Pluto showed these changes. They are more likely to go with the second explanation. They said that Pluto’s distance from the sun coupled with a 248 year orbit around it is the most likely culprit for the color change of the planet’s surface (Cowen, 2010, p.1). This has another major implication. It means that there is more to this planet aside from its being the outermost planet in the solar system.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on History of Pluto Exploration specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Scientists must continue to probe and study Pluto and not be embroiled in the current controversy whether to change its designation as the 9th planet from the sun or just a chunk of ice orbiting behind Neptune just like the other large pieces of rock that can be seen in the Kuiper Belt but are deemed to be of less importance. This sentiment is ech oed by many astronomers and scientists all over the world. According to Tyson, the director of Hayden Planetarium in New York City, it is only Americans who are obsessed with Pluto but the rest of the world in his estimation are not that interested in this planet. Fran Bagenal a graduate student at MIT said that sending a mission to study Pluto in depth was seen as an uninteresting way to spend tax-payers money to force NASA to deploy a space prove over that region in the solar system. In fact, it is the only planet in the solar system that has not been visited by any unmanned spacecraft from the earth (NASA Science, 1999, p.1). It was pointed out that even the Hubble Space Telescope was not even programmed to go near it and take images close range. According to scientists the Hubble Space Telescope was only able to take pictures of the largest features of the planet’s surface (NASA Science, 1999, p.1). This has to change especially in the light of recent controversy regardin g Pluto’s nomenclature. While there are many who are not keen in spending millions of dollars to study Pluto there are those who wanted to give it a try. One of them is Alan Stern who since 1989 were badgering his scientists friends to petition NASA to explore Pluto. He was fascinated by the fact that Pluto resembles an overgrown comet rather than an undersized planet ( ) He is also interested to know more as to a phenomenon easily observable from the earth and it is the fact that solar winds blows gases from the surface of Pluto in the same way as seeds are blown from a dandelion flower () Stern also pointed out that Pluto is covered with frozen gases but these gases evaporate every time Pluto’s orbit is near the sun. This evaporated gases immediately forms an atmosphere but its gravity is so weak that a significant portion of that atmosphere is blown away (Guterl, 2006). But most importantly Stern argues that the significance of a more detailed study of Pluto is to r eveal the mysteries that lie at the edge of the solar system (Guterl, 2006). It is indeed a project that needs to be started soon. Conclusion It was not only the 2oth century that an astronomer was able to discover the planet Pluto and designated it as the ninth planet from the sun. It is located in the outer edges of the solar system and explains why it is frigid, covered with frozen gas and requires 248 years to complete one orbit.Advertising Looking for essay on astronomy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Its distance and size may be the real reason why NASA is not going to invest millions of dollars to send a spacecraft and study it in detail. But there is more to know about Pluto. It is time to invest more in studying this fascinating planet. The more scientists probe into Pluto the more they will understand the mysteries that lie behind the solar system. Brown, M. Thomas P. Pluto and the Developing Landscape. 2010. International Astronomic Union. Web. Cowen, Ron. Pluto Blushes Red. 2010. ScienceNews. Web. Cruz, Gilbert. Astrophysicist Neil de Grasse Tyson. 21 Time. 2009. Web. Guterl, Fred. Pluto Explored. 2006. Discover. Web. NASA Science. Much Ado about Pluto. 1999. NASA Science. Web.

Marketing Professional Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Marketing Professional Practice - Essay Example No doubt, all activities guzzle resources and produce wastes and, consequently, have a possible to injure the environment. Furthermore, tourism is no exemption: the worldwide environment is the source of the entire material inputs feeding the tourism subsystem and is the sink for every its wastes. Tourists' per capita expenditure of resources, multiplied by tourist numbers, provide the total flow of resources or throughput from the worldwide environment to the tourism subsystem then back to the worldwide environment as waste. Such throughput growth in the past, and at the present, sees lots of tourism firms and organizations, tourism purpose planning authorities and tourists themselves acting in environmentally-damaging ways. Such injure is, though, only one of the grave issues facing tourism purpose authorities: in addition sociocultural changes, happen from acculturation and commodification processes, pursue from tourism growth and both sets of changes have to be impartial with how the donation of tourism to the destination financial system can be maximized in terms of jobs and the material normal of living of the host population. Furthermore, these issues are the majority marked in destinations catering for mass tourism. If mass tourism continues to operate at there levels transporting great numbers of holiday-makers over substantial distances to restricted and concentrated destinations and hopeful them to eat at high levels further damage will occur. No doubt, stress here is on tourism's communication with the physical environment and the question asked is 'whether present tourism operations and activities can be made more environmentally well-matched' Background Literature Search About Perth In Singapore Singapore & the Marine Environment If we analyzed then we come to know that the island city-state of Singapore is home to 4 million people inside a restricted area of around 700 square kilometers. No doubt, the country has a flourishing, financial system and is home to the world's third main petroleum refinery, as well as vivacious chemical, pharmaceutical and electronics sectors. No doubt, Singapore has a steamy climate and is bounded by the rich biodiversity of flora and fauna of Southeast Asia. Furthermore, both the earthly and marine environments in Singapore have undergone fundamental transformations over past decades to house Singapore's fast urban growth. In exacting, coastal environments, counting mangrove and coral reefs have been at length modified via land recovery and port growth activities. According to the experts group who has particular interest in the hazard to Singapore's coastal atmosphere from contagion derived from both marine and earthly sources. I have conduct analysis to determine the fate and sharing of inorganic (heavy metal) and organic contaminants (pesticides, flame retardants etc) in marine ecosystems and linked food chains. No doubt, all experts are interested in the growth of techniques for the bioremediation of hydrocarbons derived from the spillage of oil in the marine atmosphere. A Statistical And Trend Analysis Of Singaporean Travellers To Perth Survey Methodology National Visitor Survey (NVS) If we analyzed then we come to know that telephone interviews are conducted by means of Australian residents

Art Management and Arts Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Art Management and Arts Marketing - Essay Example An arts management course is deemed appropriate to hone the skills of arts enthusiasts and to enable them to develop programs, write grants, provide technical assistance and be responsible art managers. The artists themselves recognized the need to develop a program which would train students who are arts enthusiasts to focus on management of the arts. Accordingly, the important factors which need to be constantly improved are professionalism and relevant management techniques to assure the artists of success in their field of endeavor. What is the relevance of art management to cultural organizations? An arts management student would have direct beneficial contributions to the cultural sector by taking entrepreneurial roles in the development and management of artistic and cultural resources of a particular region. This means that art managers would take an active role in training artists in the management of their own cultural talents. As they enhance their expertise in this field, these art managers would be able to develop regional and international contacts with arts organizations, cultural agencies, and other art practitioners in the field. Finally, entrepreneurial insight and skills would be improved to transform cultural resources into sources of economic benefit for all concerned. (Details from the Postgraduate Diploma in Arts and Cultural Enterprise Management, www.sta.uwi.edu) There are a variety of agencies and institutions who would be interested in the services of an arts administrator or manager who completed an arts management course. The following opportunities are open for art managers: (1) experts in arts organizations; (2) consultants in crafts production industries; (3) book publishers; (4) film producers/directors; (5) events promoters and talent agents; (6) associates in museums and art galleries;

Business and Research Project Essay Example for Free

Business and Research Project Essay JC Penny has been running successfully for close to 90 years. Most entrepreneurs and managers face the same dilemmas at times. The choices one makes are the basis for his or her company success. The CEO of JC Penny Ron Johnson was faced with many management dilemmas. The first of many dilemmas that Ron Johnson was faced with was to innovate or conserve JC Penny. Innovation is important, but one should also focus on new applications and new markets as well. However, the revenues of innovations are in the future. One needs also to get the maximum out of one’s current business. According an article published by Forbes â€Å"Ron Johnson did not try and solving the real problem with JC Penny. Sales fell some 25%. The stock dropped 50% He spent lavishly trying to remake the brand. He modernized the logo, upped the TV ad spend, spruced up stores and implemented a more consistent pricing strategy. But that all was designed to help JC Penney competes in traditional brick-and-mortar retail. Against traditional companies like Wal-Mart, Kohl’s, Sears, etc† (Hartung, 2014). If the leader or manager does not invest there comes a time when the current business declines without new innovation to take over JC Penny revenues. If a manager invests too much, it may end up endangering the continuity of the current business. According to Joshua Kennon â€Å"J.C. Penney saw sales fall from $19.903 billion in 2007 to $12.985 billion in 2013. This caused the firm to go from a pre-tax profit of $1.792 billion to pre-tax losses of $1.536 billion, a staggering swing of $3.328 billion. Dividends were slashed, book value destroyed. There were rumors the company was surviving by pushing payable bills and hoarding cash† (Kennon, 2013). The purpose of learning team C’s research is to identify the most important factors to customers that are considering shopping at J.C. Penney. This statement speaks to the researcher’s attention and states goal or objective of the research. This statement will evaluate errors that were made J.C.  Penny’s top management, putting the company into a very vulnerable predicament with the core customers. The factors that will be considered are directly associated with management errors such as: †¢Misreading what shoppers want- coupons, sales price/clearance items †¢Not testing the ideas in advance- assuming the culture was the same as other companies †¢Alienated the core customers †¢Misreading the JC Penney brand †¢Not respecting the JC Penney company overall From these errors the team will provide research questions to include in the paper, gather the information the is related to the customer most recent shopping experience with the company to develop a proposed research plan to address the most management dilemmas. Draft of Research Questions Learning team C intends to research the reasons J.C. Penney had a decline in customer core base and sales which almost led to the demise of the company. This research will be conducted via survey with the intent of possibly salvaging the creditability of the company. Our learning will provide surveys to adults that have shopped J.C. Penny either online or in the store within the last two years. The survey questions used would supply management with opportunities to test potential marketing strategies to revive sales and retain the company’s initial core customer base. LTC will provide the following questions to gather data for research in the survey: †¢What is the age group/gender of the participant †¢How far from home will he or she be willing to drive to the store †¢What is the importance of coupons and sales price/clearance items †¢How frequent does the participant shop online or in the store †¢How important is the brand name that is provided by the company †¢How important is the atmosphere of the store (i.e. Arizona, IZOD, Dockers, etc) †¢How important is the culture of store (i.e. is food courts or specialty boutiques important) After compiling a more precise list of question to provide for the survey, we will rank the factors from least to greatest importance to determine the  decision making process for J.C. Penney current dilemma. Conclusion Eventually, JC Penny did fire Ron Johnson and rehired the previous CEO Mike Ullman, who stills faces big challenges. JC Penny has posted sales drops and losses in its first three quarters. As JC Penny attempts to recover from its dilemmas from the period in which it alienated consumers, and infuriated its employees, its new CEO Mike Ullman, is making headway in trying to purge corporate ranks and bring the customers back to shopping at JC Penny. In business leaders or managers all face some challenges that if left unaddressed such as JC Penny dilemma can massively affect the business. The good news is that there is now a solution in place to help JC Penny return to being successful. References Hartung, A. (2014). Two Wrongs Wont Fix JC Penney. Retrieved from https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/secure/aapd/cwe/citation_generator/web_01_01.asp Kennon, J. (2013). The Collapse of J.C. Penney – What Caused It and Can It Be Fixed?. Retrieved from http://www.joshuakennon.com/the-collapse-of-jc-penney-what-caused-it-and-can-it-be-fixed/

Diabetes Essay -- Biology Biological Medical Health Essays

Diabetes Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder that "occurs when the body is unable to produce or respond to insulin, a hormone that allows blood glucose to enter the cells of the body and generate the body's energy" (Ebony, 115). Diabetes is a disease that affects approximately 3% of the world' population. In American alone, 10.3 million people report having diabetes, while an estimated 10 million more individuals may have undiagnosed diabetes (Morwessel, 540). The gene for diabetes is located in the HLA region on chromosome 6, and the most probable organization of the responsible gene is on a 19-kb region of INS-IGF2, which affects HLA-DR4 IDDM susceptibility. Diabetes Mellitus, was first diagnosed in the year 1000 BC, by the father of Indian medicine, Susrata of the Hindus (Knott, 539). The actual term was coined by Apollonius of Memphis in 230 BC. Like other complex gene disorders, diabetes does not have an identifiable inheritance pattern, although the disease seems to cluster within families (Morwessel, 552). Two different forms of diabetes mellitus exist: Type I and Type II. Type I, formerly known as IDDM or insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, affects 10% of diabetics. The remaining 90% are induced with Type II, formerly known as NIDDM or non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (Nelson et al, 227). Type I diabetes is the most common chronic illness during childhood development, and usually evolves in individuals under the age of 15. The formation of Type I diabetes usually shortens the life span by an average of 10-20 years. While Type I diabetes is the more severe form, Type II diabetes is the more common form. It seems to affect individuals from different ethnic backgrounds, mainly Asian, African, Mexican, an... ...etes (Morwessel 550). Works Cited: Abramovitz, Melissa. Taking Control of Diabetes. Current Health 2. Jan 1999. Vol. 25. Issue 5. 19-22. Dahlquist, G. The aetiology of type I diabetes: an epidemiological perspective. ACTA Paediatr Suppl. 1998. Vol. 425. 5-10. Ebony. Diabetes Copin with a Deadly Disease. Mar 1999. Vol. 54. Issue 5. 115-118. Goyder, Elizabeth and Irwig, Les. Screening for Diabetes: What are we Really Doing? British Medical Journal. Dec 1998. Vol. 317. Issue 7173. 1644-1647. Morwessel, Nancy. The Genetic Basis of Diabetes Mellitus. AACN Clinical Issues. Nov 1998. Vol. 9. No. 4. 539-553. Nelson, Robert, and Everhart, James and Knowler, William, and Bennett, Peter. Incidence, Prevalence, and Risk Factors for Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus. Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice. June 1998. Vol. 15. Number 2. 227-246. Diabetes Essay -- Biology Biological Medical Health Essays Diabetes Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder that "occurs when the body is unable to produce or respond to insulin, a hormone that allows blood glucose to enter the cells of the body and generate the body's energy" (Ebony, 115). Diabetes is a disease that affects approximately 3% of the world' population. In American alone, 10.3 million people report having diabetes, while an estimated 10 million more individuals may have undiagnosed diabetes (Morwessel, 540). The gene for diabetes is located in the HLA region on chromosome 6, and the most probable organization of the responsible gene is on a 19-kb region of INS-IGF2, which affects HLA-DR4 IDDM susceptibility. Diabetes Mellitus, was first diagnosed in the year 1000 BC, by the father of Indian medicine, Susrata of the Hindus (Knott, 539). The actual term was coined by Apollonius of Memphis in 230 BC. Like other complex gene disorders, diabetes does not have an identifiable inheritance pattern, although the disease seems to cluster within families (Morwessel, 552). Two different forms of diabetes mellitus exist: Type I and Type II. Type I, formerly known as IDDM or insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, affects 10% of diabetics. The remaining 90% are induced with Type II, formerly known as NIDDM or non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (Nelson et al, 227). Type I diabetes is the most common chronic illness during childhood development, and usually evolves in individuals under the age of 15. The formation of Type I diabetes usually shortens the life span by an average of 10-20 years. While Type I diabetes is the more severe form, Type II diabetes is the more common form. It seems to affect individuals from different ethnic backgrounds, mainly Asian, African, Mexican, an... ...etes (Morwessel 550). Works Cited: Abramovitz, Melissa. Taking Control of Diabetes. Current Health 2. Jan 1999. Vol. 25. Issue 5. 19-22. Dahlquist, G. The aetiology of type I diabetes: an epidemiological perspective. ACTA Paediatr Suppl. 1998. Vol. 425. 5-10. Ebony. Diabetes Copin with a Deadly Disease. Mar 1999. Vol. 54. Issue 5. 115-118. Goyder, Elizabeth and Irwig, Les. Screening for Diabetes: What are we Really Doing? British Medical Journal. Dec 1998. Vol. 317. Issue 7173. 1644-1647. Morwessel, Nancy. The Genetic Basis of Diabetes Mellitus. AACN Clinical Issues. Nov 1998. Vol. 9. No. 4. 539-553. Nelson, Robert, and Everhart, James and Knowler, William, and Bennett, Peter. Incidence, Prevalence, and Risk Factors for Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus. Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice. June 1998. Vol. 15. Number 2. 227-246.

Hip Hop’s Betrayal on Black Women Essay

In â€Å"Hip Hop’s Betrayal of Black Women†, McLune addresses the influence of hip hop’s choice of words towards African American women and females. McLune’s article is written in response to Powell’s opinions in â€Å"Notes of a Hip Hop Head†, along with various other hip hop artists, that black females are the leading cause of poverty and racism why black men undertake racism and poverty, as if women do not face these struggles from day to day. McLune disagrees with this remark and states that this is just one of many excuses that men use. McLune addresses an audience that is well educated along with informed with the different sexism opinions towards women in our society, though many men feel that some of their statements or opinions are not affecting women. Therefore, McLune’s article deserves to be recognized in PopMatters. With all the arguments and comebacks she had, â€Å"Hip Hop’s Betrayal of Black Women† should be considered for the top prizes for persuasive essays due to the problems that our African American society faces on a daily basis. The energy of McLune’s argument is its energetic appeal to African American women along with different races. Her argument implied that men want women to give in to them and accept the fact that they are being degraded, simply so that men can boost their confidence and masculinity: â€Å"It’s obvious that if these are the winning terms for our creativity, black women are ultimately the losers. And that’s exactly how these self-proclaimed players, thugs, and hip-hop intellectuals want us—on our backs and pledging allegiance to the hip hop nation. (Analytical Writing: A Guide to College Composition 300) McLune also covers the fact that even the hip hop artist â€Å"who have an underground and conscious force in hip hop— like Common, The Roots, Talib Kweli and others— remain inconsistent, apologetic, and even eager to join the mainstream player’s club† (297) She is bothered that they have yet to come forward and defend the women who are being belittled by the misogynistic hip-hop artist. By expressing this with the African American society of women who are ontinuously torched by the demanding words of men, McLune appeals strongly to all American women’s intellect of equality and respect. Women should not have to be judged by men and expect to be treated as if they owe anyone something, let alone have to be mistreated and belittled, if that were to be the case then men should be treated the same, therefore McLune’s audience, should understand that that is not how you define a black woman in any terms. This denotation to the silent cries supports for an emotional appeal to an example of the silent cries in African American women. As stated in the title, Powell is aware that black women are merely being betrayed in the hip-hop industry and simply states that the choice of words that hip-hop artist chose to rap about is simply â€Å"the ghetto blues, urban folk art, a cry out for help. † (298) and it is rubbing off on almost every man in our American society and giving them a different perspective of women all because women refuse to speak out and speak up. As a result, female rappers are often just as male-identified, violent, materialistic, and ignorant as their male peers. † (298). Over 100 years ago, women were not even allowed to vote, the closest they got to voting was sitting there and watching. They were not allowed to work, they were forced to be stay at home wives while their husbands went out and worked hard to provide for the family. They also didn’t h ave the opportunity to speak up for themselves, it was known as a man’s duty. As you see in â€Å"Hip Hop’s Betrayal of Black Women† McLune states that women still sit back in silence in accept the belittling words that men throw at them through their lyrics. Hip hop did not evolve from speaking down on females, it started out as a way suppress differences between two rivalries or to speak on behalf of shortcomings and mishaps in the past. This comes to question our audience why it is that hip hop has transformed into a way of lashing out a man’s anger towards a woman and how their imaginative character dreams to look at women. We can look at the past years when women were not given the opportunity to make their own decisions and to speak on behalf of themselves, also how and why did hip hop change its meaning behind music. McLune provides a great example to the female hip hop artist as to why they would chose to be viewed in the same eyes that the misogynistic hip hop male artist are viewed. Also as to why after so many years why is that men still have the upper hand. She does this by bringing up the point from Powell’s socioeconomic explanation for the sexism in hip-hop is a way to silence feminist critiques of the culture. It is to make an understanding of the misogynistic objectification of black women in hip-hop so elusive that we can’t grasp it long enough to wring the neck of its power over us (297). From this information, we can conclude that is very much true, because most females will accept the belittling comments rather than words of wisdom and motivation. Because McLune gives great appeals to the not only the African American society, but the various races, her article deserves to be one of the top prized persuasive essays in PopMatters. It can be used as an example to our upcoming generation of young men to not treat or speak down on a young lady as something they hear in a rap song. McLune’s article demonstrates why women, especially African American women should speak up and out regardless of what the outcome will be. Her argument would have been more effective have she spoke about all the other races seen in videos because it’s not just black females now.

6 Types of Essay Questions You May Need to Answer While Applying for College

When applying to a college, you are traditionally required to write an essay – and it is one of the most important parts of your application and you should approach it with utmost care. Although questions you may be asked vary from university to university and from year to year, there are certain basic lines along which they usually go – and with preparation, they all can be dealt with. 1. Describe Yourself This question with variations is the most widespread prompt. It allows to gain some additional information about you and see how well you present yourself. It may look intimidating at a glance due to its open-endedness – but it gets easier if you look at it as an opportunity to tell about yourself what couldn’t have been told in the papers you’ve submitted to the college. Tell the most important facts, your primary interests and aspirations. Don’t write a memoir, though – focus on a point or two and drive them home. 2. Why Do You Want to Attend This Particular College? Essay questions of this kind probe your goals and aspirations. The application committee tries to find whether you are determined to attend this particular college or just send your application to every school in the country. If you can mention a specific reason to choose this college – for example, a specific department – do it, but make sure you know what you are writing about. 3. Comment on a Quote Everything depends on what kind of quote you get. It may be something straightforward or chosen for its quirkiness. It is hard to give any particular tips here except to be open-minded and avoid repeating run-of-the-mill phrases and ideas. Try to be witty, but don’t overdo it – don’t be funny for the funniness sake. 4. Choose between Alternatives and Justify Your Choice Usually you are given a choice where both alternatives are ambiguous and cannot be outright called right or wrong. Before you select anything, you should think carefully on what moral or logical grounds you are going to do it, and prepare a well-defined explanation. 5. Pose Your Own Question Sometimes you are told to ask your own question and answer it as you see fit. It is done to check how well you manage responsibility and complete freedom of choice – whether you are able to write something interesting or original, or will have to fall back to clichà ©s. Try writing about something you are really passionate about – just don’t spend too much time trying to choose an ideal topic. 6. Tell about Your Favorite Book or Other Work of Fiction It is often said that you are what you read, and this prompt is based on this assumption. The most important thing here is to be honest – you won’t impress anybody if you write how much you are fascinated and impressed by â€Å"Lord of the Flies† if you can’t stand it, or have never read it at all. These prompts are by no means the only ones employed by colleges – but they are going to give you a pretty good idea of what to expect and how to tackle it.